DEUTSCH / ENGLISH

Mein Forschungsinteresse richtet sich auf die Ursachen und Folgen sozialer Ungleichheit und die vergleichende Beschreibung von Sozialstrukturen postindustrieller Gesellschaften. Aktuell beforsche ich die Folgen mehrdimensionaler sozialer Ungleichheit aus international vergleichender Perspektive, die Rolle von Ungleichheit bei der Ausbildung politischer Einstellungen und die Erklärung sozialer Ungleichheit beim Studiumszugang.
Nach dem Studium der Soziologie, Politikwissenschaften und Volkswirtschaftslehre an der FU Berlin und der University of Glasgow, promovierte ich an der Universität Bremen zu intergenerationaler Mobilität im 20. Jahrhundert in den USA und Deutschland. Es folgte ein einjähriger Aufenthalt als Max Weber Fellow am Europäischen Hochschulinstitut Florenz. Nach meiner Rückkehr arbeitete ich als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Fachbereich Sozialökonomie der Universität Hamburg. 2017 vertrat ich die Professur für Soziologie II am Karlsruher KIT. Seit April 2021 leite ich eine vom BMBF geförderte Nachwuchsgruppe zur Erforschung der Rolle von Zulassungsverfahren für die (Re-)Produktion sozialer Ungleichheiten bei Studierentscheidungen in Deutschland und im internationalen Vergleich. Als Professor für Quantitative Methoden der Empirischen Sozialforschung und Sozialstrukturanalyse leite ich seit Feburar 2023 die Abteilung Zentrale Methodenlehre an der Europa-Universität Flensburg.

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Forschungsinteressen

• Ungleichheit, sozialer Wandel und Sozialstrukturanalyse

• Intergenerationale Mobilität

• Vergleichende Ungleichheitsforschung

• Quantitative Methoden

• Bildungsungleichheit

• Ungleichheit und politische Einstellungen

Aktuelle Projekte

Institutional Barriers and Inequality in Higher Education

Pudelskern GmbH (Produzent), Florian Hertel (Text), WiSo Fakultät/Universität Hamburg (Finanzierung)

Only recently, inequality in admission to higher education became subject of sociological interest. Universities use admission tests to regulate access to study courses effectively becoming the gatekeeper to middle class positions. While American research pointed out that increasing competition can advantage aspiring students from privileged backgrounds, little is known about the role of admission tests in creating inequality in access to university or choice of field of study in Germany. Generally, universities erect admission testing in Germany if demand outpaces supply for a specific field of study. Additionally, access to selected fields of studies (veterinary and human medicine,  dentistry and pharmacy) are centrally regulated by a state agency (Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung formerly known as ZVS). Either the type of admission testing or the shifting level of required grades might influence social inequality in admission by selecting on capacities that are more common among students from better-off families or indirectly through informing parenting styles years ahead of the actual point of admissions. This research tries to overcome the theoretical, methodological and empirical gap in inequality in higher education research by explaining the role admission testing plays in recreating inequality in Germany. It also aims at providing policy makers with knowledge about the degree to which different admission systems cause varying levels of diversity among students and develop best practice models to regulate access effectively and allow for higher levels of diversity.

New Classes and Mobility

The Research connects the study of occupational change with the research on social mobility. At least two hypotheses relating societal change to inequality have been formulated in each research tradition. First, the skill-biased technological change hypothesis suggests that the surge in educational attainment and ongoing automation and computerization results in an upgrading of the occupational structure that leads to an increasing demand in high-skilled non-manual jobs and a continuous decline in routine occupations. Similarly, industrialization theory suggested that the upgrading of occupational structures would result in increasing social fluidity due to increasingly meritocratic recruitment and the substitution of white collar occupations for traditional working class jobs. Second, the routinization hypothesis suggests that technological change is task biased to the extent that only those low skilled jobs vanish which can be easily substituted through the investment into new technology. Consequently, routinization could result in a simple shift from low-grade routine occupations, e.g. clerks and machine operators, to low-grade non-routine occupations in interpersonal work environments, e.g. cleaner, personal care aides or security personal. If social fluidity is similar between old and new low-grade jobs, routinization could effectively counteract fluidity increasing societal change. In the latter case, substantial horizontal social mobility could occur between industrial and interpersonal occupations, without any vertical change. Hence, the generally preferred “constant fluidity” hypothesis could in spite of massive occupational change remain valid. On the contrary, however, the expansion of highly skilled occupations could theoretically result in a u-shaped occupational distribution, hence polarization. The latter is true especially if emerging or expanding low-grade classes are populated by outsider positions within the secondary labor market segment. If institutions which disadvantage inter-segment mobility also affect vertical social mobility chances, a decrease of social fluidity would become possible.

Social Mobility and Stratification

with OLAF GROH-SAMBERG
The project aims at broadening our understanding regarding the relationship between stratification and social mobility. For the present purpose, we define social mobility as the intergenerational movement between parental and individual social positions. While the dominant tradition of mobility research states that country differences in social mobility are either minor and mostly unsystematic or uninteresting, newer research suggests that social mobility varies in systematic ways across countries. Exploiting cross-country variation, we ask to what extent mobility differs between countries that differ in terms of inequality in several different dimensions. Initially, we single out four dimensions, i.e. education, earnings, incomes and occupations, in which stratification arguably affect social mobility processes mainly by stratifying experienced opportunity structures. We then propose several indicators to map the stratification in these dimensions – e.g. GINI, P90/p10 ratios, differential returns to education – and study the extent to which social mobility varies with the degree and type of inequality. Finally, we study the multivariate relationship between levels of inequality and (absolute and relative) social mobility to understand the relative importance of each inequality dimension. Empirically, we employ cross-sectional data from the EU-SILC, EVS, ESS, Eurobarometer, ISJP and the ISSP (and if time allows we will include comparable U.S. data).

Social Mobility in the United States

with FABIAN T. PFEFFER
This project aims to compare the role of education for social mobility across U.S. states. We propose to use GSS data to estimate the shape and degree of social inequality in educational opportunity, returns to education, and occupational mobility rates for each U.S. state with sufficient numbers of observation. The specific aims of this research project are (1) to relate cross-state differences in social inequality in educational opportunity to differences in the demographic makeup of states as well as differences in state educational and social policies; (2) to investigate the relationship between cross-state differences in social inequalities in educational opportunity and social mobility; (3) to assess the mediating role of education for social mobility processes in each state.

Right voting in times of material inequality and mass migration in Germany

with FREDERIKE ESCHE
Capitalizing on recent immigration, the AfD, the most recent political reincarnation of Germany’s ultra-right, successfully made inroads in German state elections sending members to 10 of the 16 state parliaments. At the same time, PEGIDA, an association that organizes regular anti-immigrant demonstrations in Dresden since fall 2014, has been the most successful right social movement since the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany. Reliable evidence about the characteristics of individuals to vote for or identify as extreme right is however scant. This project aims at understanding the factors that drive right wing party identification. It compares the influence of subjective and objective characteristics and studies the effect of changing attributes on party identification. It rests on empirical analyses of the socio-demographics of extreme right party identification in Germany since 1990. Employing data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we study the objective (demographic, socio-economic) and subjective (well being, emotions, attitudes and fears) attributes characterizing Germans that switch to right-party identification. Additionally, we ask whether right-wing identification is also the result of intergenerational and intragenerational social mobility as suggested by several recent publications like, e.g., Die Abstiegsgesellschaft or Returning to Reims and contrasts these accounts with the traditionally employed authoritarianism hypothesis.

Abgeschlossene Projekte

Determinants of Perceived Social Conflicts

with NADINE M. SCHÖNECK
Socioeconomic inequality and conflicts regarding distributional issues have resurfaced in many OECD countries over the past two decades. While most research has focused on objective determinants of perceived social conflict, we contribute a new facet to that discussion by assessing the relevance of collective stratification beliefs as an independent predictor of conflict perceptions. After formulating theoretical positions that give precedence to two factors in explaining perceptions of social conflicts – objective inequality and the collective subjective awareness thereof –, we use individual-level data from the 2009 International Social Survey Programme as well as suitable country-level indicators and empirically test both hypotheses. We take the results of these tests to judge the mediating effect that an aggregated egalitarian (middle-)class imagery has on the relationship between objective inequality and perceived social conflicts (measured through an additive scale). The results of our multilevel analyses of 27 OECD countries indicate that an egalitarian (middle-)class image hold by a certain share of a country’s population constitutes a distinct dimension of reality and clearly dominates country-level objective inequality in the explanation of individually perceived social conflict.

Educational Inequality and Structural Change

with FABRIZIO BERNARDI and GORDEY YASTREBOV
We study the evolution of intergenerational transmission of college attainment in the United States over the 20^th century. For this purpose, we expand the Breen-Goldthorpe model of educational investment behavior in order to show formally how the dynamics of inequality in college attainment are related to the change in economic resource inequality and costs of college education over time. In our empirical analysis we use five different national representative surveys and focus on the chances of college attainment by parental education for birth cohorts from 1900 to 1987. Our results confirm that relative inequality in college attainment, measured in terms of odds ratios, declined over most of the 20^th century with equalization leveling off beginning with birth cohorts in the 1950s. At the same time, the absolute differences in the percentage of graduates among children of college-educated parents and children of non-graduates have remained remarkably stable across the century. Based on our formal model, we also explore future scenarios for the trends in college attainment inequality. Under the assumption of stagnating college attainment and persisting patterns of economic inequality, our simulation predicts a rise in relative inequality in college attainment by parental education, revealing a possible U-shape trend in the near future.

Publikationen

In Vorbereitung

Hertel, Florian R.; Barone, Carlo & Smallenbroek, Oscar
The multiverse of class. A large-scale assessment of macro, meso and microlevel approaches to class analysis.

Hertel, Florian R. & Groh-Samberg, Olaf
The Great Gatsby Curve from a multidisciplinary perspective.
In: Blanden, Jo; Erola, Jani; Kilpi-Jakonen, Elina & Macmillan, Lindsey (Hg.) Research Handbook on Intergenerational Inequality. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Hertel, Florian R.,
Was (ver-)messen eigentlich Klassen? Zum Zusammenhang zwischen unterschiedlicher Operationalisierung sozialer Klassen und ihrer Erklärungskraft mit Blick auf Stratifikation und Ungleichheit in Deutschland.

Hertel, Florian R.,
Was (ver-)messen eigentlich Klassen? Zum Zusammenhang zwischen unterschiedlicher Operationalisierung sozialer Klassen und ihrer Erklärungskraft mit Blick auf Stratifikation und Ungleichheit in Deutschland.

Hertel, Florian R. & Groh-Samberg, Olaf
Changing Tides – The impact of rising inequality on social mobility in the US.

Monographien & Herausgeberschaften

Staab, Philipp & Hertel, Florian R., 2020
Ungleichheit im Dienstleistungssektor.
WSI-Mitteilungen 03/2020 Schwerpunktheft.
Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Hertel, Florian R., 2017
Social Mobility in the 20th Century. Class Mobility and occupational Change in the United States and Germany.
Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

Wissenschaftliche Artikel (Peer-Reviewed)

Smallenbroek, Oscar; Hertel, Florian R. & Barone, Carlo, 2022
Measuring class hierarchies in postindustrial societies: a criterion and construct validation of EGP and ESEC across 31 countries.
Sociological Methods & Research, online first, S. 1-41.

Barone, Carlo & Smallenbroek, Oscar; Hertel, Florian R., 2022
The rise of income and the demise of class and social status? A systematic review of measures of socio-economic position in stratification research.
Research in Stratification and Social Mobility, 78, S. 1-13.

Hertel, Florian R., 2020
Sozialstrukturelle Veränderungen und Ungleichheit in der deutschen Klassengesellschaft.
WSI-Mitteilungen, 73(3), S. 155-164.

Hertel, Florian R. & Groh-Samberg, Olaf, 2019
The Relation between Inequality and Intergenerational Class Mobility in 39 Countries.
American Sociological Review, 84(6), S. 1099 -1133.

Hertel, Florian R. & Schöneck-Voß, Nadine, 2019
Conflict perceptions across 27 OECD countries: The roles of socioeconomic inequality and collective stratification beliefs.
Acta Sociologica, 65(3), S. 231–249.

Bernardi, Fabrizio; Hertel, Florian R. & Yastrebov, Gordey, 2018
A U-turn in social inequality in college attainment in the US?
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 58, S. 33-43

Pfeffer, Fabian T. & Hertel, Florian R., 2015
How Has Educational Expansion Shaped Social Mobility Trends in the United States?
Social Forces, 94(1), S. 143-180
Working Paper Version: PSC Research Report, 14-817, 2014

Hertel, Florian R. & Groh-Samberg, Olaf, 2014
Class Mobility Across Three Generations in the U.S. and Germany
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35, S. 35–52
Working Paper Version: open Access bereitgestellt von UB Bremen

Groh-Samberg, Olaf & Hertel, Florian R., 2011
Laufbahnklassen – Zur empirischen Umsetzung eines dynamisierten Klassenbegriffs mithilfe von Sequenzanalysen
Berliner Journal für Soziologie 21, S. 115-145
Working Paper Version: SOEP papers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 374, 2011.

Buchkapitel & Andere Publikationen

Hertel, Florian R. & Pfeffer, Fabian T., 2020
The Land of Opportunity?  Long-term trends in social mobility and education in the United States.
In: Breen, Richard & Müller, Walter (Hg.): Education and Intergenerational Social Mobility in Europe and the United States. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Working Paper Version: Inequality Lab Discussion Papers, DP-2018-2

Staab, Philipp S. & Hertel, Florian R., 2020
Ungleichheit im Dienstleistungssektor.
In: WSI-Mitteilungen, 73(3), S. 154.

Hertel, Florian R. & Esche, Frederike, 2019
Die rechte Mitte? Zur Rolle objektiver Ungleichheit und subjektiver Verunsicherung für die Identifikation mit rechten Parteien.
In: Lübke, Christiane & Delhey, Jan (Hg.): Diagnose Angstgesellschaft? Was wir wirklich über die Gefühlslage der Menschen wissen. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, S. 255-286. (Open Access)

Eckert, Falk B., Hertel, Florian R. & Philipp Ramos Lobato, 2017
Zeitdiagnosen.
In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(3), S. 511–515

Hertel, Florian R., 2017
Fällt der Apfel bald gar nicht mehr vom Stamm?
In: Relatif, 32, S. 36-43

Groh-Samberg, Olaf & Hertel, Florian R., 2015
13 Begriffsdefinitionen und Erklärungen zum Thema Klassenmobilität
In: Diaz-Bone, Rainer & Weischer, Christoph (Hg.)
Methoden-Lexikon für die Sozialwissenschaften Wiesbaden: Springer VS

Groh-Samberg, Olaf & Hertel, Florian R., 2015
Ende der Aufstiegsgesellschaft?
In: Seibring, Anne (Hg.), Oben – Mitte – Unten
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung.
auch erschienen in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 65(10), S. 25-32

Groh-Samberg, Olaf & Hertel, Florian R., 2010
Abstieg der Mitte? Zur langfristigen Mobilität von Armut und Wohlstand
In: Berger, Peter A. & Burzan, Nicole (Hg.)
Dynamiken (in) der gesellschaftlichen Mitte
Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, S. 137-157

Hertel, Florian R., 2010
Rezension von: Wacquant, Loïc J.D.:
Bestrafen der Armen, Zur neoliberalen Regierung der sozialen Unsicherheit
Erziehungswissenschaftliche Revue, 9(3)

Groh-Samberg, Olaf & Hertel, Florian R., 2009
The Marital History Files BIOMARSM and BIOMARSY
In: Frick, Joachim R. & Lohmann, Henning (Hg.)
Biography and Life History Data in the German Socio Economic Panel (SOEP, v26, 1984-2009)

Frick, Joachim R., Grabka, Markus M., Groh-Samberg, Olaf, Hertel, Florian R. & Tucci, Ingrid, 2009
Alterssicherung von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) (Hg.), Berlin: Bundesdruckerei

Curriculum Vitae

Ausbildung

09.2010	10.2015	Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSSS) Affilierter Doktorand Dr. rer. pol. (summa cum laude) Dissertation: Social Mobility over the course of the 20 th century in Germany and the United States Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Olaf Groh-Samberg, Prof. Dr. Fabian T. Pfeffer
09.2006	03.2007	University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences Erasmus Fellow
10.2003	03.2009	Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Soziologie Dipl-soz. (summa cum laude) Diplomarbeit: Arbeitsmarktintegration von Migrantinnen in Deutschland Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Gerhards, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schupp
04.2002	09.2003	Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Archäologie Studien der klassischen Archäologie, Osteuropastudien, Soziologie
10.2000	03.2001	Technische Universität Berlin, Mathematisches Institut Mathematik

Beruflicher Werdegang

02.2023		Professor (W3) für Quantitative Methoden der Empirischen Sozialforschung und Sozialstrukturanalyse und Leiter der Abteilung Zentrale Methodenlehre (ZML) an der Europa-Universität Flensburg
04.2021	03.2026	Projektleiter Nachwuchsgruppe ACCESS – Institutionelle Hürden bei Studienentscheidungen
09.2016	03.2021	Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (Post-Doc) Universität Hamburg
10.2017	03.2018	Vertretungsprofessur für Soziologie II (W3) Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
09.2015	08.2016	Max Weber Fellow Europäisches Hochschulinstitut Florenz
11.2009	07.2015	Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter Universität Bremen
05.2009	10.2009	Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter Abteilung Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP); DIW Berlin

Lehrerfahrung

FrSe	2023	V Einführung in die Empirische Sozialforschung und Statistik
FrSe	2023	Ü Übung zur Einführung in die Empirische Sozialforschung und Statistik
FrSe	2023	Ü Übung zur Einführung in die Empirische Sozialforschung und Statistik
WiSe	2020/21	S Soziale Ungleichheit - Lektüreseminar (BA) (4SWS)
WiSe	2020/21	Ü Grundlagen empirischer Methoden: Digitale Daten und Webscraping (BA)
SoSe	2019	S Empirisches Praktikum: Soziale Ungleichheit (Quantitativ) (BA) (4 SWS)
WiSe	2018/19	V Grundkurs Soziologie (BA) (4 SWS)
WiSe	2018/19	S Soziale Ungleichheiten im Hochschulstudium (MA)
SoSe	2018	V Grundkurs Soziologie (BA) (4 SWS)
WiSe	2017/18	V Einführung in die Soziologie (BA)
WiSe	2017/18	Ü Einführung in die Soziologie (BA)
WiSe	2017/18	Ü Einführung in die Soziologie (BA)
WiSe	2017/18	V Sozialforschung – Soziale Ungleichheit (BA)
SoSe	2017	S Soziale Ungleichheit - Dimensionen, Ursachen, Folgen (BA) (4 SWS)
SoSe	2017	S Kapitalismuskritik und Gegenwartsdiagnostik (MA)
WiSe	2016/17	S Advanced Quantitative Methods: Categorical Data Analysis (PhD – EUI)
WiSe	2016/17	V Grundlagen empirischer Methoden (BA)
WiSe	2016/17	Ü Grundlagen empirischer Methoden (BA)
WiSe	2014/15	Ü Einführung in die Soziologie (BA)
WiSe	2014/15	S Bildungssozioligie und soziale Ungleichheit (BA)
SoSe	2014	S Bildungssozioligie und soziale Ungleichheit (BA)
WiSe	2013/14	S Armutssoziologie – Von der „Underclass“ zur „Advanced Marginality“ (BA)
SoSe	2013	S Deindustrialisierung und Sozialer Wandel in der Klassengesellschaft (BA)
WiSe	2012/13	S Bildungssozioligie und soziale Ungleichheit (BA)
SoSe	2012	S Einführung in die Soziologie Pierre Bourdieus (BA)
WiSe	2011/12	S Bildungssozioligie und soziale Ungleichheit (BA)
SoSe	2011	S Einführung in die Datenaufbereitung und -analyse mit STATA (BA/MA)
WiSe	2010/11	S Einführung in die Datenaufbereitung und -analyse mit STATA (BA/MA)
SoSe	2010	Ü Sozialer Wandel (BA)
Abkürzungen: V = Vorlesung; Ü = Übung; S = Seminar; EUI = Europäisches Hochschulinstitut Florenz

Forschungsförderung, Preise und Stipendien

2021		BMBF-Nachwuchsforschungsgruppe „ACCESS - Institutionelle Hürden bei Studienentscheidungen – soziale Ungleichheit, Zulassungsverfahren und ihre Folgen“ (NWGWIHO01)
2020		International Sociological Association‘s RC28 Significant Scholarship Award für "The Relation between Inequality and Intergenerational Class Mobility in 39 Countries."
2019		Forschungsförderung durch die Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften. Projekt “Grundlagen empirischer Methoden - Herausforderungen digitalen Wandels für die Lehre (Digi-GeM)”
2018		Forschungsförderung durch die Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften. Projekt „Institutionelle Hürden beim Hochschulzugang“
2018		WISO Graduate School Reisestipendium für die Teilnahme am ISA Kongress in Toronto
2017		DAAD Kongressreisestipendium für RC28 in NYC und 112th Annual Meeting ASA in Montreal
2015		Max Weber Fellowship, Europäisches Hochschulinstitut
2015		InGRID Forschungsförderung für einen 2-wöchigen Aufenthalt an der Universität Bremen
2015		Reisestipendium für die Teilnahme am Herbsttreffen der Sektion Soziale Ungleichheit und Sozialstrukturanalyse der DGS
2015		Young Scholar Grant zur Teilnahme an der Konferenz “(Persistent) Inequalities Revisited”, Monte Verità, Schweiz
2013		DAAD Kurzzeitstipendium für einen Forschungsaufenthalt an der Universität Michigan
2012		Best Poster Prize auf der ECSR/Equalsoc Conference, Universität Stockholm.
2006		ERASMUS Stipendium für zwei Trimester an der Universität Glasgow

Studienecke

Berufsvereinigungen, Forschungszentren und Research Labs

DGS – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie
ASA – American Sociological Association
Sektion Soziale Ungleichheit und Sozialstrukturanalyse (DGS)
ISA’s RC-28 on Social Stratifiaction and Mobility
European Consortium for Sociological Research
Inequality Lab (University of Michigan)
Psychology of Inequality Lab (University of Michigan)
Morality, Emotions & Social Hierarchy Lab (UC Irvine)
SOCIUM (Uni Bremen)
SOEP (DIW Berlin)
WZB Berlin

Forschungsförderung, Reisestipendien und Fellowships

Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (PhD fellowships)
Max Weber Programme at EUI Florence (Post-Doc fellowships)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Projektförderung)
Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (Stipendienprogramme)
InGRID-2 (Reisestipendien – EU H2020)

(Ausgewählte) Fachzeitschriften

American Journal of Sociology
American Sociological Review
Demography
Sociology of Education
Journal of Marriage and Family
Social Forces
The British Journal of Sociology
Acta Sociologica
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
European Sociological Review
New Left Review
Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
Zeitschrift für Soziologie
Berliner Journal für Soziologie
Soziale Welt
Leviathan
PROKLA

Forschungsdaten

GESIS  (Datensammlung – Deutschland)
SOEP (Deutsche Panel Daten DIW Berlin)
ALLBUS (Deutsche Bevölkerungsumfrage)
IPUMS  (Datensammlung – USA)
PSID (US Panel Daten)
GSS (US Bevölkerungsumfrage)
EU-SILC (EU Bevölkerungsumfragen)
ESS (Europäische Bevölkerungsumfragen)
EVS (Europäische Bevölkerungsumfragen)
WVS (Internationale Bevölkerungsumfragen)
ISSP (Internationale Bevölkerungsumfragen)
ILOSTAT  (Internationale Länderkennziffern der ILO)
BHPS (Englische Panel Daten)